Wireless-telegraph apparatus.



r. s. smsou.

WiRfiLESS TELEGBAQH APPARATUS. APPLICATION min nov. n. ma.

1,258,157 I Patented Mar. 5, 191&

4 y .qr romsr FREDERICK GRANT SIMPSON, 0F SEATTLE, WASHINGTON;

WIRELESSTELEGRAPH APPARATUS.

Specification of f crs latent. Patented Mar. 5, 1918.

Application filed November 18, 1913. Serial No. 801,570.

To all u-lmm may concern:

Be it known that I, Funnnmon GRANT SIMPSO.\', a citizen of the United States, re-

siding at Seattle, in the county of King and State of \Vashington, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Wireless- Telegraph Apparatus, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to wireless telegraph apparatus and its object is the improvement in such apparatus to render the same more eflicient. l

The invention includes a transformer havin; peculiar windings for the pn ose of transforming alternating currents o a. relatively low potential to similar currents of a much higherpotential. In the present invention the produced high potential current is utilized for charging a condensertoapredetel-mined potential, whereupon the current is discharged through a circuit having an inductance .nnd a spark-gap. Furthermore,

by the employment of my mproved method of winding a transformer, there is produced an extremely low magnetizing current with certain voltage regulating characteristics;

which assist in the quenching of the spark at the above mentioned sparkgap subse-' quent to one or two oscillations of the current in a circuit which is either directly or inductively coupled with the circuit containin" the condenser, the spark gapand the reIerred-to inductance to .oscillate in the natural period of the circuit so coupled.

panying drawings, wherein- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a wireless transmitting stem with my improvements applied there n. Fig. 2 is a transverse sectional view of a portion of at transformer embodying features of my invention, and Fig. 3 is alongitudinal sectional view of the same.

Referringto Fig. 1, 6 and 7 are collector rings mounted on the shaft of an alternating current generator, and electrically connected to the armature winding as shown. 8 and 8 are brushes bearing on said collectorrings, and are connected to the primary winding 9 of a transformer through the leads 10. 11 is a secondary windin of said transformer which is connected to t e terminalsof a condenser 12, through the leads'13. 14 is ii spark-gap, and 15 is an oscillating-current transformer inductively coupling the an- 11 which is interposed between annular-insulator elements 21.

In anopen core transformer of the type shown, the ratio of the elect'ro-motive force between the terminals of the primary circuit to the electro-motive force between the terminals ofthe secondary circuit, it may be said, is not the ratio of the number of turns of the primary circuit to the number of turns of the. secondary circuit, as is closely approached in .a closed core transformer, but is dependent u n the capacity, inductance and mutual indiictance between primary and secondary circuits. This quantity -can be determined from the following forinulm- Ea ,,,J 1 1 i 101 2 4 m in which E represents the secondary electro-motive force; E rimar electro-motive force; total'capacity in t e primary cirj cuit, mcudingfthe distributed capacity in The invention is illustrated in the accominthe transformer secondary winding, leads and the capacity of the condenser 12; L the total in uctanceiinthe primary circuit, including the'inductance in the transformer primarywinding, leads and the synchronous'intluctance of the alternating current generator; L, the inductance in the secondary circuit, including the inductance in the secondary transforr'ner winding, leads and in the condenser; I the current flowing in the primary circuit. a

It will be noted from the above formula that if the primary and secondary circuits here the same natural periods, and that if they are resonant circuits, the uantity I,,(L,C,L,C,) becomes equiva cut to zero, and that the ratio of primary to secwhich it is, required that the condenser shall discharge through spark-gap 14. The inductance of the secondary windin 11 is so roportioned as to make the circuit consisting of said winding, leads 13 and condenser '12 a resonant circuit of the frequency of the altcrnatin current generator.

of the.

a The in uctance and capacit mary 9 of the transformer is etermine as shown in the above formula, and when so determined is found' in practice to require a minimum magnetizrienf current to produce inductively the requi electro-molzive force between the terminals of the secondary windin 11.' w As i] ustrated in Fi 1 and 3,the primary zi winding 9 is separa into four members !9'', 9, 9*,and 9', Whilethis winding may *be separated into an number of members above two, I prefer e employment of four .1 in hers which are arran d n two'spaced 80p; rs and series connec shown, as 9 9' and 9, 9'. The members of each. air are separated by annular insulating iskfi or partitions 22 as shown. The secon ary winding is concentric with and preferably surrounds portions of the primary winding 9 and 9 as shown for example, in Fig. 3. By this arrangement of the rimary winding. on the core, that leaves t e central p'or- '.tion of the core'devoid of winding, there is produced, or rovided, .a leaka e ,path,

through which t e magnetic lines o the pri- I pass after having been distorted by the action ofthe secondary field.

mary are caused to thereon. 7

When a current, such as one of an alterhating character, having changing values, is assed through the rimary winding, the girertia of self-induction must be overcome, afterwhich there is produced in the core a "sight! magnetic linesthat will be caused to pug; gh the core from end to end.

it some particular instant, magnetic are formed at the extremities of the poiic bythe primary winding. such as north 5 )md.ou th,magnetic poles, when the direc- 15mm: the lines in that instantwill be that shown'by the-arrows a. With a current flowing in the primary, these lines leave the a. fxio rth pole, pass into the air, then bend W backward to reach the south le where they reenter the core. In bcngihg backward through the air they 8 read out somewhat, as is well known, an if a secondary be t wound over the primary, these lines will at cu t the secondary winding and a current will be induced in the opposite direction, or sense, to that of the primary or inducing current; the ma iitude depending on the formula previous}; given.

By arranging t e primary winding near the outer ends of the core 18, and winding the secondary over ortions of the primary, to thereby surround those portions, a control is thus obtained over the maximum current induced in the secondary.

Every conductor carrying a current creates a ma etic field around itself whether it is embe ded in iron or lies in air. Such being the case, the magnetic fields created around the several turns and layers of the secondary will interfere with the primary field and the induction lines passing tlirou h the core. This interference results in t e lateral dis ersion-of the rimar flux and also a cho 'ng efl'ect is ol itaine' that will further diminish the flux. This secondary flux aroundthe central portion of the core, practically, does not link with any of the turns pf the primary and therefore consti- -tutes a leakage flux also, from the fact of there being-no linkage. The field thus cstablisbed in and'aroun'd the central portion of the core 18, increases the magnetic reluctance of that portion,'as well as by apparen'tiy lessening the permeability of the core. t isthis disposition of the secondary '-field with reference tothe rimiirv'winding that producesthe. distorting and choking action jon'th'e primary flux and current. ,This is further augmented by the turns of the secondary where they surround the rimary as the primary leakage increases. he secondary fluxlinks with the distorted primary flux and also acts as a true self-induction and thus further tends to choke the primary current.

The eifect of there being a cocfiicieut of mutiial induction between the two circuits. is tddiminish the self induction of each of them separately and as their convolutioiis are wound around the same core, in a geometrical relation, the effect of their mutual induction is to annul the separate selfinductions. Any unbalanced self-induction in'either circuit, such as is obtained by the effect of the secondary, will necessarily tend to make that circuit 'act as a choking coil; and an magnetic leaka e will thus act as an im ala'nced self-induction. By this changing condition of the mutual inductance, the primary flux lines a, will have their direction changed to that shown by the arrows b. Leakageralso causes a proportional increase in the apparent self-induction of both primary and secondary circuits, as well as an equivalent lag of thc cu'rrents. The lines leave the core 18, as shown by the leaving arrows I), pass outwarclly and around the central portion of the core, where the greater reluctance exists,

and ret nter the core, as shown by the enter ing arrows in order to pass to the opposite polar extremity, by means of the core. Some of the lines may pass through the core.

At some given instant of time, the distorted or leakage flux shown by the arrows 1) passes in one direction, that is, from end to end, and at the same given instant of IOtime, the secondary field, which surrounds the central portion of the core, is opposite in direction to and opposes the primary field. This opposing flux of the secondary winding being created by a growing current, produces in the core the effect by which the'primary induction lines are bent out laterally, by producing a ma netic field which has polarity in the central portion of the core. The polarity of the lines of the primary field is not changed by the secondary field, nor is the general direction of the lines from end to end, changed at anygivcn instant. To maintain a definite direction of the lines the members 9 9, 9 and I),

are preferably connected in series to produce a definite polarit -in the core 18 at some given instant of time. These lines are simply bowed or bent out laterally around the central portion of the core.

80 There being always somelateral leakage, this method of winding-the primarv near theends of the-core and windingthe secondary to surround portions of the primary,

exa gerates and 85 scri .d.. Most of t ese lines are not. able to pass through the core from-end to end; they expand through the leakage path, pass around the point of eatest reluctance, and continue their directlon to reenter the core 40 at a point where the reluctance is less.

If a unit north-pole be placed at any point in :1 Ion solenoid, there will be 4 1:

lines of induction radiating out from this unit pointfpole, independent-of the nature of the medium within the solenoid. If the diameter be small as compared with. its length, practically all of tlie 1: lines of in: duction' which radiate out from this unit pole will pass through 'the lateral walls of thesolenoid. g

These primary induction lines bending outward, cut some of the turns of the secondary winding, incieasing' the induced current, thus increasing the magnitude of the secondary fit id. and its resultant eli'ect on the primary an the core.

With an through the solenoid, this becomes more evident than with the pulsating direct-current. \Vhen an alternating-current is passing through a complete cycle in a solenoid, the movement of the current through the coil is progressive from point to point.

The magnetizing effect of the secondary is proportional to the initial strength of the 'roduces the etfect de-' alternating current passing;

induced current, and this initial strength is proportional to the value of the ratio of the coctlicient. of mutual induction to the methcient of self-induction of the secondary. Thus the combined effect is to cause the lines to bend or spread out laterally around the central portion of the core.

This lateral dispersion of the magnetic lines being produced to an extraordinary degree, thereby changes thcnmtual inductance between the two windings. The resistances, reactances, and the magnetic permeability of the core are varied, causing the impedances also to vary, and automatically pro ducing a momentary lowerin of the induced E. M. F. in the secondary, w hen the current induced is a maximum.

\Vhen a condition of resonance is attained the. current through the secondary is then a maximum. Immediately following this resonant condition, the automatic action of the transformer lowers the induced E. M. F.. and prevents the formation of an arc across the spark-gap. The E. M. F. is reduced to such anextent'that it will not maintain.au are. The conditionof arcing is undesirable for wireless transmission work, as good oscillations are not produced. As a maximum current normally flows through the secondary during the discharge of the condenser across spark-gap 14, this automatic action of the transformer has a tendency to, and does, reduce the current during that interval, by the lowering of the poten'tialbetween the terminals of the secondary winding, and materiallyassists in the quenching of any are which might form across the spark-gap, and also in the quenching of the spark due to the condenser discharge across said spark-gap after the first few oscillations. 'ith the spark quenched, no current flows in the circuit which includes the condenser, the spark-gap and the primary of the oscillating current transformer 15; this circuit having previously bebn tuhed' to, resonance with the circuit consisting of ahtenna 16, secondary of oscillating transformer 15 grounded :at 17. This latter circuit which is the open or radiating circuit in a wireless transmitting system of the kind shown, will therefore oscillate in its own period without interference from the. closed oscillating circuit..

Signals are transmitted by opening and closing, or in otherwise varying the constants of the primary winding 9, of the transformer, or in any otherway'of varying the charge or discharge of condenser 12.

Having described my invention, what I claim, is

1. A transformer comprising a core, a primary winding composed of spaced coils and disposed by groups near the outer ends of said core, a secondary winding surround-. ing a portion of each group to create a magnetic field in and around said core for producing a lateral leakage of the magnetic lines, the remaining portions of each group being disposed adjacent to and exterior of the secondary.

2. A transformer comprising a core, a primary winding and a secondary winding thereon, said secondary winding inclosing a portion of the primary winding and surrounding the central portion of the core to produce a choking effect on the magnetic flux passing through that portion of the core when a current flows in the secondary and operating to produce a lateral'dispersion of the magnetic lines of induction caused by the primary winding.

3. A transformer comprising a core, a plurality of coils disposed near the ends thereof, and another plurality of coils arranged concentrically with and to surround the inner portions of the first plurality of coils to provide a leakage path within the transformer through which the magnetic lines pass when latera 1y dispersed.

4. A transformer comprising a core, a plurality of spaced groups of side-by-side series connected ranged near the outer ends of the core, and a secondary winding ada ted to surround a plurality of coils of di erent groups, the

remainingcoils of said groups being disposed adjacent to and exterior of the secondary.

5. A transformer havin core element, and a plum ty of windings, one of said windings comprising a plurality of groups of coils, one of said ups being separated from another of sai groups,the groups bein sc disposed on said core as to lie partly within and partly without the outer winding so as to be partly inelosed by said other windin 6. A transiormer for wirele$ telegraph systems comprising a core element, a secondary element having terminals, and a spaced primary element disposed on the core and surrounded by a part of the secondary element whereby when a maximum current is induced in the secondary element, the lateral leakage of the magnetic field in the interior of t e transformer is a maximum, the ma2gimum current then contributing to prodncea momentary extinguisllment of the entire magnetic field, and thus lower the E. M. F. to a value that is unable to maintain an arc across the secondary terminals.

7. A transformer comprising a. core element, a primary winding consisting of a plucoils thereon, each group being ara magnetizablerality of spaced apart groups of coils arranged near the outer ends of said core, one of said groups of coils being separated from another group to provide a leakage path within the transformer between said groups, a secondary winding adapted to cooperate with said core and partly inclose said primary winding, and means to insulate said windings from each other and from said core.

8. A transformer for wireless telegraph systems comprising a core element, a secondary element provided with terminals, and a primary element composed of spaced apart portions partly disposed within the secondary and on the core to form a leakage path within the transformer from the central portion of said core, the leakage increasing as the current induced in the secondary increases, so that when the maximum current exists in the secondary, the mutual inductance is varied and the'induced E. M. F. is momentarily lowered to prevent an excessive current from flowing between the terminals of the secondary at discharge.

9. A transformer having a. cylindrical magnetizable core element, a primary winding and :1 seconds a winding arranged concentrically with ation to said core, said primary being subdivided into a plurality of spaced groups of'coils which are disposed near the outer ends of said core, one group being separated from another group so that a portion of each group projects from within the interior of, and is partly surrounded by, the secondary winding thereon, said secondaryTbeing composed of a greater number of turns than the primary, so that when the current induced in the secondary reaches a maximum, the ma gnetic field created thereby causing a momentary extinguishment of both magnetic fields.

10..A transformer comprising a core element, a primary winding and a secondary winding. to cooperate therewith, said pmmary being subdivided into a plurality of coils which are arranged near the outer ends ortion of said coils being of said core, a. axially displace with relation to each other and exterior of the secondary, and another portion of said coils spaced and disposed within the secondary.

Signed at Seattle, Wash, this 7th day of November 1913.

F EhERmK GRANT SIMPSON. Witnesses:

Pumas Bumns, Crmrmns A. Knnoomm. 

